Produção habitacional de Maceió-AL: transformações espaciais da habitação de interesse social de 1964 a 2014

Abstract

Since 1964, when the Housing Financing System (SFH) and the National Housing Bank (BNH) were implemented, the alternative found by the Government to reduce the housing deficit in Brazilian cities, has been the implementation of Social Housing Projects. After the closure of the BNH in 1986 there was a certain period of stagnation on the construction of social housing. Finally, in the end of the 1990s, new Social Housing programs were created by the Federal Government. However, these programs commonly establish very low budgets for the total cost of housing units. On the one hand, such low budget requires greater austerity on overseeing implementation costs, urban infrastructure and productivity. On the other hand, however, it is verified that it often implies on the reduction of technical, functional and spatial housing quality. Therefore, the present thesis aims to study spatial transformations of Social Housing architectural projects with 2 (two) bedrooms in the city of Maceió between 1964 and 2014, designed for families with monthly income up to 5 (five) minimum wages, and focusing on morphological aspects of spatial quality related to sizing, spatial flexibility and functionality. The methodological procedures were based on historicaldocumentary research within public agencies responsible for housing production by setting a sample for analysis of 16 original and distinct architectural designs (being 10 COHAB projects, 3 City Government projects and 3 State Government projects), as well as theoretical-conceptual research on project quality and essential aspects such as guaranteeing spatial quality for the housing unit. In terms of sizing, a large variation was observed in the built-up area of the units within the time period set for the study (1964 – 2014), as well as a reduced dimensions of minimum useful areas on spaces, especially the kitchen, in relation to those recommended by technical literature. As for flexibility, it was identified that the architectural projects from COHAB presented the greatest amount of flexibility strategies, especially from the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s, notably by accounting the possibility of building a garage. However, few of the analysed projects presented predictions of possible extensions. As for the last point examined, it was found that almost all the sample projects did not respond to some of the parameters for guaranteeing functionality to HIS projects, notably the lack of space inside the rooms’ wardrobe for bed linen and towels. Thus, among the analyzed morphological aspects, the dimensional aspect presented negative indicators in more than 50% of the architectural projects in the sample, generating functional inadequacies in both circulation spaces and use of furniture and equipment - being the kitchen the room with the greatest functional loss. It was finally found that, regardless of the real estate developer (Federal / COHAB, State or Municipal), there is a need for design reviews in order to improve the spatial quality of Social Interest Housing projects in Maceió, seeking to meet proper use conditions for the residents and provide satisfaction as to their urban life quality.