Análise esportômica no metabolismo de aminoácidos e produção de amônia em jogadores de futebol

Abstract

Sportomics is application of exercise metabolomics in sports science to investigate the metabolic changes induced by exercise in sport. During exercise, increased ammonia production can cause central fatigue. It is postulated that hyperammonemia leads a significant impact during exercise by promoting impairments in cognitive performance. However, studies in sports remains limited on the role of amino acid metabolism in discovering biomarkers that can help elucidate performance changes during exercise. The present study is to investigate, through a sportomics analysis, the metabolism of amino acids and ammonia production in football players. Previously, the acute effect of inhaled salbutamol on blood ammonia, white blood cell count and cognitive-motor performance after prolonged exercise under hot conditions was evaluated in runners. The results showed that acute inhalation of salbutamol can decrease urea synthesis and subsequently increase blood ammonia concentrations. Furthermore, inhaled salbutamol may induce a reduction in lymphocyte counts, but does not affect cognitive-motor performance during prolonged exercise in the heat. Then, a new study based on sportomics aimed to investigate changes in metabolism during a soccer match in 30 male junior professional football players. Urine samples were collected before and after 25 minutes of the match and analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results showed 26 significant changes in tyrosine metabolismo. Exercise caused a downregulation of the homogentisate metabolites 4-maleylacetoacetate and succinylacetone to (p = 4.69E-5) and 16% (p = 4.25E-14), respectively. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate, a homogentisate precursor, was found to be upregulated by 26% (p = 7.20E-3). The concentration of hawkinsin and its metabolite 4-hydroxycyclohexyl acetate increased ~6-fold (p = 1.49E-6 and p = 9.81E-6, respectively). Different DOPA metabolism pathways were also affected by exercise. DOPA and dopaquinone increased four- to six-fold (p = 5.62E-14 and p = 4.98E-13, respectively). 3-Methoxytyrosine, indole-5,6-quinone, and melanin were downregulated from 1 to 25%, as were dopamine and tyramine (decreasing to up to 5% or 80%; p = 5.62E-14 and p = 2.47E-2, respectively). Blood TCO2 decreased as well as urinary glutathione and glutamate (40% and 10% respectively) associated with a two-fold increase in pyroglutamate. Furthermore, changes in the metabolism of arginine and guanidine compounds were observed in response to a soccer match. N-alpha-acetyl-L-arginine, D-arginine, gamma glutamyl ornithine, agmatine, argininic acid and spermine increased after the football match. Among the analyzes of amino acid metabolism and ammonia production, no pathways for ammonia production were found through the sportomic approach. However, the production of hawkinsine and argininic acid was identified, suggesting the discovery of new markers with the potential to promote damage to performance.