Uma proposta de sequência didática para o ensino da física de materiais semicondutores

Abstract

The domain of solid state physics allowed the development of the main fields of Applied research, leading to the emergence of increasingly efficient and sophisticated electronic components. In this context, semiconductor materials represent one of the greatest technological revolutions of the last century, impacting society, massifying automation, control, information and communication technologies, which are indispensable to human beings today. Thus, this work aims to develop the physics of semiconductor materials through the construction of five practical electronic circuits, allowing the student to relate the various physical properties of these materials with their applications, making them realize their technological impact and the main differences between active and passive components. The classical diode and the transistor are presented, both analyzed from an electrodynamic point of view, with an emphasis on the theory of electronic bands. For this purpose, a didactic sequence was created, consisting of six classes based on experimental activities, so that the theory developed is constantly linked to experimental work, strengthening dialogism through Vygotskian social interactionism, breaking with merely expository practice. In the last two classes, the construction of a water level measuring circuit is proposed with the strategic objective of integrating the concepts developed in the previous classes, leading the student to understand his own learning trajectory.During the application of the didactic sequence, kits with materials were provided to the students, initially divided into four groups containing simple hand tools, resistors, capacitors, LEDs, diodes and transistors. During classes, students were evaluated through the functional interpretation of the proposed circuits, allowing to verify the development of skills and competences specific to this field of study. To analyze the application of the educational product, a socio-pedagogical questionnaire was applied, in order to characterize the target audience of the work, an assessment of prior knowledge, in order to analyze the basic subsumers of students for the study of the topic, considering the theory of significant retention of knowledge proposed by David Ausubel, the study of student performance during experimental activities and an assessment of acquired knowledge, whose objective is to verify student learning and the pedagogical feasibility of the educational product. At the end of this work, it is demonstrated that the didactic transposition method based on the construction and analysis of electronic circuits makes it possible to teach the physics of semiconductor materials in high school, leading to the substantive learning of this topic.