Microplásticos na placenta humana: uma revisão de literatura narrativa

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnancy is a critical period characterized by physiological changes in the mother and placental, embryonic, and fetal development. Fetal growth is influenced by various factors, including environmental ones. Among the environmental agents that can affect embryonic development, anthropogenic factors such as microplastics (MPs) stand out. Consequently, concerns about the short- and long-term effects of these contaminants on human health, particularly maternal-fetal health, have grown. Objective: To provide healthcare professionals with a comprehensive overview of the different forms of exposure to MPs, the techniques for their detection, and the potential effects on human pregnancy. Methodology: This study is a narrative literature review. A bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases between June 2023 and September 2024. Sixty-five free-access articles were selected, and the analysis was carried out in three phases: interpretive reading, detailed analysis, and drafting of the main findings. Results: Exposure to MPs occurs primarily through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, as these particles are present in food, water, and air. Studies indicate that MPs, previously considered harmless, have significant impacts on human health, including pregnancy. There are various techniques for detecting and characterizing MPs, each with specific advantages and disadvantages. Regarding pregnancy, these particles can cross biological barriers, such as the placenta, and accumulate in tissues, causing cellular damage, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, neurogenesis alterations, and a higher incidence of metabolic and immunological complications. Conclusion: These findings prompt scientific debate about the long-term implications of continuous exposure to MPs, highlighting the need for further studies to deepen the understanding of their impacts on human health, particularly in pregnant women, fetuses, and long-term childhood development.