Adequação de consumo e coeficiente de variabilidade de nutrientes da dieta de gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia e fatores associados

Abstract

Preeclampsia (PE) is the hypertensive syndrome that most affects pregnant women, being the first cause of maternal mortality in Brazil and the third in the world and can bring several maternal and fetal complications in the short and long term. Therefore, one of the factors that directly interfere in the development of the conceptus, in addition to being a risk factor for the development of PE is the inadequate consumption of dietary nutrients. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of intake and the coefficient of variability of nutrients by pregnant women with PE and the associated factors. Cross-sectional study, part of a larger study, previously approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL) under opinion No. 4.257.473. Data collection occurred through a questionnaire specially designed for the research in order to obtain socioeconomic, clinical, obstetric, anthropometric and dietary data. For the statistical analyses, mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range were used for continuous variables and absolute or relative frequencies for categories. Pearson's test was used to evaluate the linear correlation between nutrient intake and maternal variables with the aid of SPSS version 20.0 with significance p value < 0.05. We evaluated 64 pregnant women, with a mean chronological age of 29.7 ± 6.6 years, mostly low-income, from home and without personal history of PE. Regarding the adequacy of nutrients, protein (1.5%), calcium (3%), vitamin D (7.6%), fiber (9.1%), calories (13.6%), vitamin E (19.7%), A (27.3%) and zinc (25.8%) presented the highest percentage of inadequacy. Regarding the coefficient of variability (CV), vitamin C (106.7%), D (97.4%), B12 (86%) and A (84.1%) showed the greatest variation in the diet of pregnant women. Finally, there was a positive correlation between calcium intake and family income (r=0.298; p=0.024) and a negative correlation between protein intake (in g/kg/day) and gestational BMI (r=-0.430; p<0.001). The findings of this study demonstrate a great inadequacy in the intake of nutrients considered important for the gestational period, fetal development and decreased risk of PE by pregnant women, in addition to adverse perinatal outcomes, thus reinforcing the importance of nutritional follow-up for this public.