Prevalência de adição por alimentos na América Latina: uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise

Abstract

In Latin America, excess body weight coexists with chronic malnutrition and important micronutrient deficiencies, attributing the double burden of malnutrition (DCMN) in the continent. Consumption of ultra-processed foods exceeds 20% of daily energy intake, proving the westernization of food preferences in the region. The large amount of calories, sugar and fat in these foods triggers changes in the dopaminergic reward pathways of the mesolimbic system, modulating uncontrolled behavior, similar to addiction to drugs such as cocaine and heroin, which characterize food addiction (AA). This explanation for the excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods is responsible for both the incidence of chronic diseases and malnutrition resulting from nutritional deficiencies in countries with DCMN. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) psychometric scale, developed to instrument AA, has identified groups of individuals who are affected by the disorder in countries of Latin origin, including those with DCMN, who express less control over food intake. The lack of an exclusive approach to AA in the Latin public neglects the cultural particularities, as well as the impact on the DCMN. The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of AA in Latin America. The systematic review with meta-analysis identified a prevalence of AA corresponding to 38% (95% CI: 16%–63%; I2 = 98.67%; 8 studies) in the clinical sample and 15% (95% CI: 10% – 21 %; I 2 = 98.51%; 15 studies) for a non-clinical sample, values similar to those found in other parts of the globe. The results are representative of 6 countries, with greater purchasing power. The need for further studies in various population groups is reiterated in view of the incipient understanding of AA in the region.