Efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos pelas anonnaceas: uma revisão de escopo

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main causes of mortality worldwide and generate a significant financial impact on the health system. Among the CVDs, the most prevalent in the public health scenario is Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), which presents a multifactorial clinical state defined by the sustained increase in blood pressure. The asymptomatic character of SAH defies early diagnosis and its pharmacological treatment is mainly behavioral due to drug interactions, due to polypharmacy, the cost of drugs and lack of education. Given these circumstances, it is attractive to implement new resources that help to overcome the lack of drug acceptance among patients. Thus, medicinal plants are an important alternative in the treatment of CVDs and the genus Annona has revealed hypotensive and vasodilating properties in teas and leaves of some species. Therefore, the current study aimed to carry out a scoping review of the literature on the cardiovascular effects of plant species belonging to the Annonaceae family, emphasizing their implications for SAH. For the development of this study, the search and analysis of information was carried out by bibliographic means based on scientific articles. The selected databases were: Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Pubmed, Science direct and Medline. The research strategies to obtain information were using the following keywords: “Anonnacea” OR “Species” AND “Cardiovascular System”. 9.6% of the genera and 0.72% of the plant species presented studies on pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system (CVS). The genera Annona and Xylopia stood out. 73.68% evaluated the pharmacological effects of only substances isolated from different species of Annonaceae, 21.05% evaluated only extracts, while 5.26% evaluated essential oil. The most common phytochemical classes with action on SCV were alkaloids and diterpenes, and the substances that produced this effect were: Roemerine, Anonaine, Dehydroroemerine, Liriodenine, Norushinsunine, Tetrahydroisoquinoline, Discretamine, KA-acetoxy, Limacine, Pecrassipine A, Backebergine, Boldine, Apomorphine, Xylopic acid, Oliverine, Colavenic Acid and Labdane-302. Regarding the part of the plant used to obtain the extracts/fractions/isolated substances: 25% of the studies used the leaves; 33.33% stem bark; 16.66% the roots; 16.66% the seeds; and 8.33% the fruits. As for the type of experimental animal: 75% of the studies used rats, of which 66.66% were Wistar and 33.33% Sprague–Dawley. Regarding the type of experimental approach: 40% of the studies carried out an in vitro and in vivo approach; 53.33% only in vitro; and 6.66% only in vivo. It is concluded that the Annonaceae family has phytochemical substances with great pharmacological properties in the SCV, and the vasorelaxant and hypotensive effects were mentioned several times, revealing in a uniform way that the main mechanism of action observed was the induction of changes in intracellular calcium levels. Therefore, this family proved to be a great therapeutic potential to be studied for the treatment of diseases that affect the SCV.