Revisão de literatura sobre o gênero spondias diversidade, cultivo e potencial agronômico

Abstract

The genus Spondias, from the Anacardiaceae family, comprises approximately 18 species widely distributed across tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. In Brazil, it holds significant ecological, economic, and sociocultural value, particularly through species such as Spondias tuberosa (umbu), Spondias mombin (cajá), Spondias purpurea (ciriguela), Spondias dulcis (cajá-manga), and Spondias pinnata (Indian hog plum). This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the botanical, morphological, ecological, genetic, agronomic, and socioeconomic characteristics of these species, with emphasis on their geographical distribution, environmental adaptations, traditional uses, and potential for sustainable agricultural development, especially within Brazil's semiarid regions. The study explores the complex taxonomy of the genus, marked by natural hybrids and morphological variability, and examines propagation and cultivation practices that still present technical challenges, such as low germination rates and difficulties in rooting cuttings. The medicinal potential of Spondias species is also highlighted due to the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Socioeconomically, these species play a crucial role in family farming, food security, and income generation, being widely used both for fresh consumption and for agroindustrial purposes, including juice, pulp, sweets, and preserves. Furthermore, recent advances in molecular and genetic improvement studies have contributed to a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the genus and have supported the development of more productive cultivars adapted to adverse conditions. It is concluded that Spondias species possess high potential for sustainable development, biodiversity conservation, and the strengthening of rural economies. Their long-term preservation and sustainable use depend on integrated actions involving scientific research, public policies, and agroecological practices that ensure the conservation of their genetic resources and socioeconomic value.