Fundos eleitorais e efetividade das ações afirmativas para a participação política de mulheres e negros no Brasil: uma análise acerca do art. 2º da Emenda Constitucional nº 111/21

Abstract

The issue of representativeness in the political field is the subject of intense discussion in the most diverse social spheres, as the current national political system proves to be highly excluding and segregating, in order to favor dominant groups to the detriment of the most minority layers of society. Aiming to change this scenario, affirmative actions are part of public policies that aim to mitigate the effects of discrimination practiced through the ideal of equality, offering minority groups instruments that facilitate the rise to political office. The advent of Constitutional Amendment nº 111/21, more specifically through its second article, characterizes the birth of another one of these affirmative actions, aiming to change the distribution aspects of the Party Fund and the Special Campaign Financing Fund to favor the candidacy of women and blacks. The present work pretends to analyze the aforementioned normative instrument in order to establish possible barriers to its effective functioning in the current Brazilian political system through the use of research of an exploratory nature from the deductive method, through documentary and bibliographical research. For this, in the first chapter, the beginning of policies to encourage the increase of under-represented candidacies will be addressed, in addition of normative frameworks for political inclusion and affirmative actions in force, highlighting the importance of democratic participation and establishing the objective of that norm as affirmative action. Further on, the overlapping of economic power over political power will be established, making considerations about the means of public campaign financing, namely the Party Fund and the Special Fund for Campaign Financing. Finally, the last chapter will address the role of Political Parties in the electoral process as direct recipients of this public budget, analyzing the transfer to female and black candidacies in the 2022 election and establishing challenges to be overcome and solutions to be sought so that the law manages to achieve its practical effectiveness, causing changes in the current Brazilian political scenario.