Tendência e fatores associados à insegurança alimentar no Brasil: 2004, 2009 e 2013

Abstract

Food Insecurity (FI) represents a condition of violation of the human right to regular and continuous access to adequate and healthy food, which constitutes a major structural problem, capable of generating physical, psychological and social consequences for the affected individuals. It is estimated that in 2016 there was an increase in world hunger, which affected 815 million people. In Brazil, the persistence of historical disparities and the manifestation of FI in vulnerable subgroups favors a complex and unequal scenario, characterized by high prevalence of the phenomenon in specific population strata. In this sense, there is a need to evaluate the determinants of AI among Brazilians, as well as the temporal behavior of this phenomenon, especially considering that since 2003 the Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) was inserted as a priority theme in the political agenda of Brazil. Aiming to contribute to this discussion, this dissertation presents a review chapter of the literature, which addresses the history, concept, dimensions, determinants, among other aspects of FNS and Food and Nutritional Insecurity, as well as evaluation indicators and main policies to guarantee FNS in Brazil. The aim of the results article was to analyze the trend and factors associated with FI in Brazil in the years 2004, 2009 and 2013. It is a cross-sectional study conducted with data from the National Household Sample Survey. The FI was evaluated through the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and the independent variables were selected from a conceptual model of AI determination, which was also used for the elaboration of multiple generalized linear models. The temporal variation was interpreted through the relative variation of the prevalence of moderate and severe FI (FIMS) between the surveys of 2004 and 2013. There was a trend of a reduction in the prevalence of FI between 2004-2013, especially for FIMS, which decreased from 17% (95% CI: 15.7-18.4) in 2004 to 7.9% (95% CI: 7, 2-8.7) in 2013. Nevertheless, regardless of the level of determination, the population strata with the lowest prevalence in 2004 showed a relative reduction of greater magnitude. Regarding the factors associated with FIMS, the same remained in the analyzed decade: the North / Northeast macroregions, urban area (in the presence of inadequate sanitation), household density> 2 persons / dormitory, possessing ≤4 consumer goods and the person of reference of the domicile to be female, to have age <60 years, race / ethnicity be different from white, to have schooling ≤4 years and to be unemployed. Thus, between 2004 and 2013, the FIMS fell by half in Brazil, however, the decline occurred unequally, being lower in the strata of greater social, economic and demographic vulnerability, which places the need for continuous strengthening of SAN policies, in order to sustain progress and combat inequalities in access to food among Brazilians.