Detecção amperométrica, com microeletrodos, de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio em células isoladas estimuladas por substâncias biologicamente ativas

Abstract

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a metabolic situation, observed in different physiological conditions. When their production is exacerbated, there is an efficient antioxidant system able to control and re-install the homeostasis. Oxidative stress results from an acute and chronic imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant capacities of living cells and organisms. In the present case, the release of bursts of ROS and RNS by individual macrophages RAW 264.7 was investigated, in real time, in absence and presence of quinones (alpha- and beta-lapachones) and ascorbic acid. A selective electrochemical detection of each ROS or RNS was conducted at platinized carbon fiber microelectrodes positioned at micrometric distances from single cells, always compared to controls. The results show that the presence of beta-lapachone with 0.1 to 100 µM, within one hour of incubation, leads to a decrease of RONS release by macrophages. Conversely, when the incubation time increases (4 hours and more), for concentrations of 1 µM of ortho-quinone, the quantity of the released species increases. Finally, the increasing of the concentration up to 10 µM with four hours of incubation and more is associated to cell death. The exact nature of the released electroactive species was characterized and the original flux could be reconstructed in terms of O2• and NO•. In the first hour, with 10 µM, the decrease of the oxidative burst concerns mainly the RNS species. The amount of ROS, quantified in terms of H2O2 was shown to be higher than in control. At concentration of 1 µM and after longer time incubation, i. e., 4 hours, the amount of ROS, quantified in terms of H2O2 and O2• and NO2- was shown to be higher than in control. It was observed which ONOO- was decreased in both situations. On the other hand, alpha-lapachone was unable to significantly increase ROS and RNS production in macrophage cells, even after 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration observed for alpha-lapachone was ten times higher when compared with beta-lapachone. To overcome solubility and bioavailability problems with beta-lapachone, beta-cyclodextrin was used. UV/vis spectroscopy has been used to monitor the inclusion phenomena of beta-lapachone within the cavity of beta-cyclodextrin, together with studies concerning the competitive effects of ethanol concentration on this behavior. A value of 15 ± 5 M-1 was found for the association constant between beta-lapachone and beta-cyclodextrin in phosphate buffer. This clearly indicates that the equilibrium between the free and the complexed substrate is decreased in the presence of EtOH. Amperometry at platinized carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes allowed quantitative and kinetic investigations of the overall effect of ascorbic acid on oxidative stress responses produced by single cells pertaining to two different cell lines derived from immune cells: macrophages RAW 264.7 and phagocytes PLB-985. These fine and minute amperometric measurements performed on single cells confirmed that in contradiction with its alleged universal anti-oxidant properties, ascorbic acid may affect positively or negatively the RNS content of oxidative bursts produced by each cell type, through affecting the primary production of NO• by the cells. So, vitamin C acts exclusively as an anti-oxidant (viz., reduced the primary NO• flux) onto PMA-treated PLB 985 cells, thus decreasing the quantity of RNS released by these granulocyte-type cells. Conversely, it gives rise to a prooxidant activity (viz., increased the primary NO• flux) onto RAW267.4 macrophage cells, increasing their production of RNS species. These studies demonstrate the advantage of electrochemical methods for analyzing in real-time and quantitatively the effect of pharmacologically active compounds in cells, in case of oxidative burst.