Sobre o estado moderno: uma análise das concepções de estado de Karl Marx e Antônio Gramsci

Abstract

This work has as object of study the concepts of state of Karl Marx and Antônio Gramsci. The study of the state and politics is very important for the comprehension of the society, and for the understanding of the limits of the political struggle for the human emancipation. The choice of the both studied authors has as basis the fact of Marx to be the most important communist thinker and Gramsci be one of the most important authors from XX century, being very influent in Brazil. The problem we analyzed was the existence of convergences and divergences between the concepts of state of Marx and Gramsci; in despite of they use the same method (Historical Materialism) and assume the perspective of the work class. This work is a bibliographical research. As ground of our research we used the texts of Marx and Gramsci which refer to State, and we also used some commentators. In the first chapter we made a brief study of the liberal concept of state, through Maquiavel, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Hegel. In the second chapter we started the study of the concept of state of Karl Marx, taking in count his life and the context where he lived and produced his works, and the assumptions of his social theory. In the third theory we made a study about the life and work of Antônio Gramsci, his method and his concept of state, focus of this work. The fourth and last chapter deals about the relation between the concepts of authors, them convergences and divergences. Although they have some differences, Marx and Gramsci agree in the essential. It is possible to say that the concept of Gramsci is the same Marx‟s concept. They see the state as an instrument of class control, important to the structure of domination of bourgeoisie over proletariat. The communist society, where there are not social classes, represents the end of exploration of man by the man, and dispenses State and politics.