Fatores de risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em cirurgia cardíaca: revisão integrativa

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: With the increasing need for surgical procedures and despite advances in techniques, complications related to procedures range from 3% to 16% in developing countries such as Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe as scientific evidence on the factors of surgical site infection in cardiac surgery. METHODOLOGY: Integrative literature review that follows the recommendations of the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). The guiding question was elaborated through the PICO strategy (acronym for “Patient”, “Intervention”, “Context”). Articles were identified through a search in the BDENF, LILACS and Web of Science databases and in the virtual libraries, SciELO and PubMed. The selected articles were published from 2017 to 2022, in portuguese and english, in full and available for free. The selected studies were analyzed using the instrument validated by Ursi. Then, the results were synthesized again using the information collection instrument by Ursi and Galvão. RESULTS: We included 32 articles that showed the risk factors for surgical site infection in cardiac surgery. The articles considered intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for the patient. The following were prevalent as the risk factors for infection intrinsic to the individual: diabetes, high body mass index, smoking, advanced age and hypertension. The relevant extrinsic factors were: the type of surgery, the drug resistance of pathogens, the complexity and time of the procedure, the use of invasive equipment and devices, as well as the preoperative hospital stay. CONCLUSION: From this study, it was possible to elucidate the risk factors for surgical site infection in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. Intrinsic factors such as chronic disease and age extremes, as well as extrinsic factors related to patient care, can be prone to the development of infections.