Diversificação filogenética e morfológica em peixes do clado Carangoidei

Abstract

Fish have a great wealth of species and unique morphological variability. Notable morphological variation can be found in the Carangiformes order, which includes the Carangoidei clade with 159 species in 34 genera and 5 families. The evolution of form within Carangoidei is still a key point to be investigated. Through geometric morphometrics it is it is possible to access data associating shape with evolution and ecological data. O objective of this study was to elucidate the evolution of the the evolution of body shape in species belonging to the Carangoidei Clade. Carangoidei, seeking to understand which factors have influenced their current body shape. shape. A total of 16 anatomical points were distributed in each of 1048 images, referring to 129 species of carangoids, thus obtaining the body shape coordinates. Using quantitative techniques to obtain shape variation data, incorporated into the software MorphoJ and RStudio software. In addition, the body shape coordinates were integrated with phylogeny obtained from the Fish Tree of Life database and biotic and abiotic data obtained from the and abiotic data obtained from the FishBase and Bio-Orakle databases. This integration made it possible to access information on which variables had an impact on the morphology, how species differ from one another and also to obtain more detailed information on how species information on how the species have diversified since they first appeared. It is estimated that diversification began approximately 60 million years ago, stabilizing over time and going through a process of process, being shaped by environmental changes. With habitat and trophic and trophic niche being the main environmental variables having an impact on the the body shape of Carangoidei species, thus providing insights for understanding of how morphology has been shaped.