Consumo alimentar segundo o método dos escores e risco cardiovascular em adolescentes alagoanos que vivem com HIV

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy has reduced morbidity and mortality in individuals living with HIV. However, the treatment has adverse effects that, added to the metabolic alterations of the disease and the unhealthy lifestyle in adolescents, such as inadequate diet, rich in saturated/trans fats, refined carbohydrates, low fiber intake and complex CHO, may contribute with lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Despite this, the evaluation of predictive and protective diet for cardiovascular risk in adolescents with HIV is scarce in the scientific literature, making it difficult to plan prevention and control actions. The objective was to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and food consumption, based on a systematic and field review, in adolescents living with HIV. From the review, inadequate food consumption was identified due to low intake of fiber and micronutrients, in addition to low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, the association between high consumption of sugar and fat and low consumption of vegetables and fruits was significantly associated with lipodystrophy syndrome; fat intake and plasma lipid levels. Thus, food consumption rich in sugar and fat, and lower intake of fruits, vegetables, fibers and micronutrients predispose to cardiovascular risk. In the field, a cross-sectional study was carried out, involving 34 adolescents diagnosed with HIV. Food consumption was obtained through the Food Frequency Questionnaire and analyzed according to the scoring method. Cardiovascular risk factors included overweight, waist circumference, high blood pressure and body fat percentage, and undesirable levels for lipid and glycemic profile. The association between the variables was performed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis U test, when applicable, and using simple linear regression. A prevalence of dyslipidemia was verified, with 77.7% of the population having low values for HDL-c and, in 50.0%, high values for triglycerides. There was a higher consumption of the cardiovascular risk protective diet. The identified food consumption is concluded, rich in protective foods. Despite this, adolescents with HIV showed high consumption of some risk predictor foods. The association between consumption of a predictive diet and lower frequency of cardiometabolic risk factors may be linked to the uniqueness of the studied group. The high consumption of foods that are predictive of cardiovascular risk and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents living with HIV are important to analyze and develop nutritional guidance strategies.