Manejo da casca-preta-do-inhame com produtos vegetais e bionematicida

Abstract

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is considered as a valuable socio-economic crop which has fed thousands of human beings around the world for many centuries with its tubers; thusawarding this crop as source for employment and incomes and a high potential for agroindustrialization, especially in the Brazilian Northeastern region. Facing the lack of research aiming the control of the dry rot disease, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the potential of cassava wastewater and a Bacillus subtilis based bio-nematicide to control the infection of yam seed tubers by Scutellonema bradys and Pratylenchus coffeae in greenhouse conditions, as well as to evaluate the nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts from Annona spp. and Croton heliotropiifolius against S. bradys, verifying the classes of secondary compounds present in these extracts. The experiments were performed in the Laboratory of Phytopathology and the Laboratory of Research in Natural Resources, and in greenhouse at Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil. The first experiment was set-up in a completely random factorial design with five replicates and seven treatments: control without immersion and immersion of seed tubers in cassava wastewater at concentration of 25, 50 and 100% for two periods of 9 and 12 hours, before planting in pots containing sterilized soil. The cyanide content in cassava wastewater was of 3 mg L-1, determined by colorimetric method (Quantofix® Cyanid-Macherey-Nagel). After five months the fresh weight of tuber peel and radicular systems were evaluated, as well as the final population of nematodes in the tuber peels, in the soil and in the plant radicular system. All seed tubers germinated independently of the treatment. Cassava wastewater concentrations of 25% and 25 and 50%, for immersion periods of 09 and 12 hours, respectively, showed significant results for final population of nematodes/g of tuber peels when compared to control. The second experiment was set-up in completely random design with five treatments and four replicates. Treatments were constituted by the commercial bio-nematicide Nemathel® (based on B. subtilis) at the dosages of 50, 200 and 250 mL/10L of water, in addition to the chemical nematicide Carbofuran (40 mL of Furadan® 350 SC/10L of water) as a positive control and without immersion as a negative control. Tubers were immersed 30 minutes for each treatment, then planted in pots containing sterilized soil. After three months the germination of seed tubers was evaluated. The fresh weight of tuber peels and the final population of nematodes in the tuber peel were evaluated five months after planting. One-hundred percent of seed tubers germinated. Treatment of seed tubers with bio-nematicide showed no potential for the bio-control of S. bradys and P. coffeae at the concentrations tested. In the third experiment, three assays were performed to test leaf extracts from: Croton heliotropiifolius, soncoya (Annona purpurea), swamp apple (Annona glabra), sugar apple (Annona squamosa) and wild sugar-apple (Annona mucosa); in addition to stem extracts from C. heliotropiifolius; and tree bark extract from soncoya at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %. To test the extracts, 200 μL of each extract and 20 nematodes were placed in the cavities of Kline plates. Twenty-four hours later nematode specimens remaining motionless were quantified and transferred to distilled water, those which did not recover motility after 24 hours of incubation were considered as dead. Chemical screening of the extracts was performed by the preliminary prospection method, performing tests to identify metabolites. The extracts from C. heliotropiifolius stem had no nematicidal effect on S. bradys, while all other extracts caused immobility and mortality of nematodes. Chemical screening showed the presence of flobafenic tannins, flavones, flavonoids, xanthones, flavononols, catechins, flavones, triterpenoids and saponins.