Raízes materiais da precarização do trabalho na sociedade capitalista e suas expressões contemporâneas

Abstract

This study analyzes the material roots of casualization of labor in capitalist society and its contemporary expressions. To understand the genesis of the precariousness of labor to rescue the socio-historical determinations of the capitalist mode of production, from the primitive accumulation of capital to this day. The survey is bibliographic in nature and has as reference the theoretical Marxian perspective. It is understood that in pre-capitalist societies precarious employment was directly related to the scarcity of material production, due to the delayed development of the productive forces, the primitive man's dominion over nature. Capitalism opens with the process of industrialization development of advanced productive forces and at the same time, the sharpening of poor working conditions and social reproduction. This paradox shows that humanity has achieved historically the opportunity to eradicate poverty and instability, however, there is a massive reproduction of the precarious conditions of life and work. This is due to the inherent need of capital to produce and reproduce so magnified the wealth and accumulation, which limits the possibilities of meeting the needs of social reproduction of the working class. So seize up with the study through the development of industrial production, emerging and contemporary, the casualization of the workforce is intensified by the subsequent replacement of living labor by dead labor, which results in increased exploitation of labor, unemployment, the constitution of a "relative surplus population" available to capitalists invested in human degradation and severe. During the development of monopoly capitalism, the foundations of insecurity remain. With the adoption of Taylorist-Fordist model assumes precarious feature differentiated by a supposed material condition of working and living fulfilled. In the restructuring process, in 1980, incorporates the model of flexible accumulation in response to capital's structural crisis of 1970. Based on the analysis of the social consequences of the industrial structure and the work of contemporary writers seized that precarious employment is expanded with the processes of outsourcing, with structural unemployment and the intense exploitation of labor, to the extent that the capital sharpens its contradictions and acts to assimilate fully the physical and emotional-intellectual labor. Labor relations are relaxed by unstable bonds that impede access to social and labor rights. These are precarious work contracts and have striking features like low wages, temporary contracts, fluidity of the workday and insecurity in labor relations. Precarious work and without legal guarantees labor tends to intensify poverty and increase the degradation of social reproduction. The unemployed and precarious workers share a economic insecurity and lack of prospects, however, are induced to assimilate concepts of entrepreneurship, autonomy and cooperation that mask its precarious condition and the possibility of overcoming it. Finally, the dynamics of the development of capitalist society, means that the precarious assumes differentiated features, however reproduces tended, although their expressions are masked by contemporary political and economic strategies. The workers, mostly, are subject to a continuous process of exploration that reflects the expanded reproduction of capital, reaching its full life and undermining them. Only the society in which they own workers associated with effective control of the production will be possible to eliminate the instability.