Limites e impactos das políticas industrial, comercial e de inovação: análise de coeficientes, indicadores e competitividade no Brasil e em Portugal na perspectiva da indústria 4.0

Abstract

The general objective of this thesis was as to conduct an analysis of industrial, trade and innovation policy in the period from 2008 to 2018 in Brazil and Portugal from the perspective of Industry 4.0. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1) What were the most frequent measures of the mix of trade, innovation and industrial policies that were used in the two countries in the period from 2008 to 2018? 2) What are the export coefficients, as well as the productivity and technological adoption coefficients in manufacturing in Brazil and Portugal in the period from 2008 to 2018 in light of the ongoing transformations in the policies that underlie it? 3) How is the total number of patents filed for Industry 4.0 in Brazil and Portugal evaluated and what are the main differences between the countries?4) What was the impact on competitiveness in Portuguese industries after the execution of Industry 4.0 projects through the Incentive Value and R&D Subsidy? Methodologically, the study had a correlational nature with the use of several national and international databases, databases of the legal protection institutes of Brazil and Portugal, Orbit Intelligence database, produced by Questel and the economic-financial database Orbis Europe. To analyze the results empirically, Kendall's rank Correlation Coefficient, Fisher's Test, and Wilkinson's Test were used to interpret the data. As results, on one hand, the industrial, innovative and commercial policies in both countries were impacted by the socioeconomic crises that passed the countries, translated into a decrease in productivity, export and innovation indicators of companies. On the other hand, there are limits to technological overflows or increases in the participation of the two countries in global trade outside the logic of economic integration or insertion into blocks and free trade agreements. The comparative analysis of patents shows that Brazil and Portugal participated, albeit unevenly, both in terms of periods and sectors and intensity, in the general process of development of enabling technologies for industry 4.0 in the context of digital transformation. Despite the technological "gaps" that still affect both countries, this has not prevented them from taking an active and growing part in patent filing, in the search for recognition of their ability to innovate through their companies and scientific centers of excellence, in technological areas that are still poorly developed internally, but that require sophistication and advanced scientific knowledge and its application. Finally, the results presented lead to accept the central hypothesis, since the factors that make up the Industry Incentive Value 4.0 - European Fund - has an association with a degree of competitiveness (Operating Revenue, Number of Employees, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), Gross Value Added, EBITA and Net Profit) in the 2017-2019 period.