Corpos em movimento: participação de alagoanas na migração de mulheres para a formação de enfermeiras – 1930/1960

Abstract

The object of this dissertation is the participation of Alagoas women in the migratory movement to the schools of formation of nurses in the capital of Brazil, from 1930 to 1960. The objectives are: to describe how the social, health and nursing situation favored the migration of women to enter Nursing Schools in Rio de Janeiro; and to analyze in the profile of women from Alagoas who migrated to Nursing Schools in Rio de Janeiro in order to obtain professionalism in Nursing, between 1930 and 1960, the characteristics that gave greater visibility and concreteness to their migration. This is a qualitative, historical-social study. The geographic cut-off established for this study was Brazil, limited to the states of Alagoas and Rio de Janeiro, the first for being the state of origin of the migrant girls who enrolled in the Nursing Schools in Rio de Janeiro; and the second for being the state in which the process of professionalization of Brazilian Nursing took place, as well as for being the destination of the Alagoas girls who migrated in order to obtain professionalization in Nursing. The time cut was between 1930 and 1960, having established the Anna Nery, Luiza de Marillac and Raquel Hadock Lobo Nursing Schools to compose the study. Considering the three steps in the production of a historical work - data collection; critical evaluation of these data; and presentation of facts, interpretation and conclusions - this study used as historical sources newspaper clippings, minutes of meetings of directors of Nursing Schools and a database of registration forms of Alagoas students who migrated to study in the aforementioned Schools. After critical reading of the corpus of documents, the findings were classified, contextualized, and analyzed in light of Portes theory, transmuting the concept of horizontal migration between developing countries to the level of internal displacement in Brazil, in the search for qualification in Nursing. The results of this research were categorized according to the theoretical into primary, secondary and tertiary determinants of migration of qualified human resources, relative to the places of destination, origin and individual, respectively. As for the primary determinants, Rio de Janeiro, in the post-1930 period, as capital of the Republic, represents the centralization of political power, which linked to intense urbanization, industrialization and investment in the school network, emerges as a model state in Brazil; in decorrẽncia of this, there is a significant increase in the number of jobs to be occupied by qualified nurses, through the expansion of the health care network, and an increase in the training of this professional is necessary, which culminated in the recruitment of girls throughout the country, mainly from the North and Northeast. Alagoas, being unable to offer greater opportunities to girls with secondary education and other courses, linked to still persistent oligarchic, colonelist and patriarchal politics, ended up impelling girls with higher levels of qualification to leave the state to conquer other life perspectives. Recruitment by the Nurse Schools under study was a successful strategy for these girls to ensure their safe and honorable exit from the state. In terms of primary factors, the data from the enrollment forms of these students show that most of them had the attributes, explicit and implicit, to become students in the Schools studied: white, middle class, from the capital, carrier of secondary education and other courses, mainly gymnasium and normal, between 16 and 25 years old and Catholic. It is concluded that the history of women from Alagoas, overcoming the adversities resulting from a geographical displacement, whether temporary or permanent, has contributed significantly to visualize a facet of the prism of the consolidation of Modern Nursing as a career for women from this land.