Composição corporal e risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes alagoanos que vivem com HIV

Abstract

The long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) may present changes in body composition and increase cardiometabolic risk. With the aim of evaluating body composition (fat and muscle mass in biochemical tests and blood pressure levels that may express cardiometabolic risk. This is an observational, cross-sectional study, carried out between 2022 and 2023 with adolescents from Alagoas living with HIV, treated at the Dr. Hélvio Auto Teaching Hospital, Maceió-AL. Patient identification data, biochemical tests (fasting blood glucose; total cholesterol (TC); high and low density proteins [HDL-c] and [LDL-c]; triglycerides) and use of ART with protease inhibitor were collected. Anthropometric measurements: body mass, height and skin folds (subscapular, triceps, abdominal and calf) followed the standards of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Blood pressure was measured digitally, with interpretation based on validated protocols for children and adolescents. Muscle mass was obtained from the Upper Arm Muscle Area (AMB). Z scores of the Body Mass Index (BMI) for age and height were assessed by WHO AnthroPlus®, with WHO standards. Cardiometabolic risk markers were interpreted according to the Brazilian Guidelines. STATA®, version 13, was adopted to perform the statistical analyses. Thirty-five adolescents living with HIV participated in the study, of which 53.19% (n = 35) were male and 82.85% (n = 29) were non-white. Regarding nutritional status, regarding the Z-score indices - Height/Age (H/A), 94.29% (n = 33) had adequate H/A. Regarding BMI/Age, 82.86% (n = 29) were eutrophic. 60.00% (n = 21) adolescents living with HIV had low %GCT for sex and age. According to the AMB, 91.45% (n = 32) were malnourished. Regarding cardiometabolic markers, 74.29% (n = 26) had desirable TC and LDL-c, 62.86% (n = 22) had low HDL-c; high glucose in 22.86% (n = 8) and 17.14% (n = 6) had high blood pressure. Statistical significance was only found between AMB and Systolic Blood Pressure, however with a very weak positive correlation (r = 0.15). It is concluded that no statistical significance was obtained between the association of body composition of adolescents living with HIV with cardiometabolic markers, however the public of this research has inadequate body composition with low % GCT and with a high frequency of malnutrition and unfavorable cardiometabolic markers, the latter being indicative of an increased risk of developing early cardiovascular diseases.