Análises sobre a relação entre cadeias globais de valor e pegada ecológica no período de 2005 a 2018

Abstract

This study aims to analyze, both theoretically and empirically, the significance of global trade in relation to environmental degradation. Using non-hierarchical k-means cluster analysis, the trajectories of 59 countries between 2005 and 2018 were examined, grouping them based on the average variation in participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) (TiVA OECD) and Ecological Footprint (EF) (Ecological Footprint Network). The results indicated a direct relationship between participation in GVCs and EF, particularly in developed countries, suggesting the existence of a 'pollution haven.' In contrast, developing countries, as they intensified their participation in GVCs, showed mixed results in their ecological footprint indicator but predominantly exhibited higher environmental degradation, possibly due to the adoption of less efficient production models. A second experiment, conducted using System GMM with panel data, confirmed this relationship and demonstrated that the use of renewable energy reduces the ecological footprint, while economic growth is associated with increased pollution, in line with the Environmental Kuznets Curve. These findings underscore the need for integrated environmental and economic policies to address the impacts of global trade on environmental degradation.