Assistência de pré-natal à gestante HIV positivo: revisão integrativa

Abstract

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the retrovirus responsible for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), capable of causing profound immunosuppression in affected individuals. When affecting pregnant women, it can lead to preterm labor, preterm rupture of membranes, low birth weight, fetal malformations, abortion, fetal death, and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV. OBJECTIVE: To identify nursing care during the prenatal period for HIV-positive pregnant women. METHODOLOGY: This is an integrative literature review, divided into six structuring phases. The PICo acronym was used, where P (population) was assigned as HIV-positive pregnant women, I (intervention) as care strategies, and Co (context) as prenatal care. Thus, the following guiding question was formulated: "How should nursing care for HIV-positive pregnant women during prenatal care occur?" The databases used were: Scopus, MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) via Virtual Health Library (BVS). RESULTS: Initially, 4,448 studies were identified in the selected databases. After applying the exclusion criteria, which included reading the title and abstract, followed by a more detailed analysis, 18 articles remained for the final analysis. The years 2017 had the highest prevalence of studies, with approximately 22% of the total, followed by 2011, 2012, 2016, and 2020, with two articles each. Regarding language, most studies were in Portuguese (16), with two in English and none in Spanish. The studies highlighted the importance of reducing viral load in caring for HIV-positive pregnant women, aiming to decrease vertical transmission. Additionally, they emphasized the fundamental role of nursing in health education and mental health promotion, identifying four crucial variables: health education, mental health, bureaucratic procedures, and vertical transmission prevention. CONCLUSION: Prenatal care plays a vital role in early HIV detection during pregnancy, requiring individualized care, access to treatment, and comprehensive emotional support to ensure positive outcomes, with a focus on the importance of health education provided by nurses.