Protocolos clínicos adotados pelos enfermeiros no extravasamento de antineoplásicos: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

Introduction: The extravasation of antineoplastic drugs occurs when these agents accidentally infiltrate tissues adjacent to the infusion site. This represents an emergency due to the potential to cause significant harm to the patient, and is a challenge for health professionals, given the importance of immediate recognition and early intervention, which are essential to minimize adverse outcomes in patients. Objective: To identify the patient safety measures and clinical protocols adopted by nurses in the case of antineoplastic extravasation. Methodology: Integrative literature review that used the PICo strategy to structure the research question, define the descriptors and the objective; where P refers to the population, which is nurses, I refers to Intervention, which comprises patient safety measures and clinical protocols and Co refers to the context, which is the occurrence of extravasation of antineoplastics, surveys were carried out using the MEDLINE database, with the descriptors: Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Patient Safety; Nursing and Clinical Protocols, following the MeSH, and the Lilacs, BDENF, SciELO and PubMed databases used the terms based on the DeCS: Clinical Protocols; Extravasation of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Materials; Oncology Nursing; Patient Safety; Antineoplastics. Results: 228 articles were found after selecting the titles and abstracts, and 25 articles were read in full and classified into five categories: nurses' actions in the face of antineoplastic drug leakage; leakage protocols; experiences in applying protocols; nurses' knowledge of extravasation management; specific management and methods in leakage. It was therefore possible to identify the main actions taken by nurses in managing and ensuring patient safety in the event of antineoplastic drug extravasation. Conclusion: The aim of this review was achieved by providing knowledge of the pathophysiology, treatments, and interventions in the event of extravasation, enabling us to identify the attitude of nursing professionals to antineoplastic drug extravasation at an early stage and to apply the appropriate management in a timely manner, guaranteeing the safety and integrity of the patient.