Impacto de um programa de cirurgia bariátrica sobre o perfil metabólico e antropométrico de mulheres segundo diferentes graus de obesidade

Abstract

Incidence of obesity-related diseases is greater in cases of morbid obesity, which leads to higher health risks. Primarily for those patients in whom clinical intervention proved unsuccessful, bariatric surgery has become viable for the treatment of severe obesity. Starting with a review of the medical literature, the discussion herein involves obesity and its magnitude in adults, placing emphasis on diagnostic criteria, epidemiological data, especially in obese women, etiology, comorbidities, and treatment. It also looks into the complexity of the surgical treatment, its techniques, indication and contraindication criteria, benefits, complications, and nutritional deficiencies. Lastly, women who underwent Capella surgery at the Alberto Antunes University Hospital at the Federal University of Alagoas and who were enrolled in its Bariatric Surgery Program had their metabolic and anthropological profiles assessed and discussed afterwards. One hundred and thirty-five women took part in this prospective study and were assessed preoperatively (T1) and between 12 and 24 months postoperatively (T2). They all underwent Fobi-Capella surgery and were divided into three 45-patient groups, according to different preoperative body mass index (BMI) terciles. Age, body mass (BMI), waist circumference, metabolic profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, fasting glucose), comorbidities, and the use of medication were all taken into account. Patients signed an informed consent form. Statistical tests were employed when evaluating the groups. Mean age was 33.9 ± 9.3 years. Post-operative results showed a respective decrease of 38.1%, 37.9%, and 28.9% in body mass, BMI, and waist circumference. Serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-c dropped 21.4%, 19.0%, 48.1%, and 28.1%, respectively. The HDL-c level rose 15.6%. Glycemic levels were brought to normal in all groups. Mean weight loss for the groups was 36.7%, 39.0%, and 38.4%. Patients in groups 1 and 2, preoperatively classified as having class 3 obesity, were deemed overweight at endpoint, whereas those in group 3 came down to class 1 obesity. As to waist circumference, all of them had shown much greater risk for metabolic complications, and only those patients in group 1 progressed to increased risk. The others remained unchanged. The most prevalent comorbidity was dyslipidemia, followed by gastric disorders, joint diseases, hepatic steatosis, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension decreased in 91.8% of the patients, and the remission of diabetes and dyslipidemia stood at 95.7% and 41.5% of the cases, respectively. Cardiovascular risk factors were significantly reduced and the use of medication fell 57.1%. Despite the different pre-operative BMI categories, there were no significant differences across the groups regarding the assessed variables. The three groups showed equally positive results in the follow-up period.