Relações entre princípios de conservação, leis de simetria e princípios causais para o ensino de física

Abstract

The central problem addressed by this dissertation is to explore the relationships that exist between causal principles, laws of symmetry and conservation principles regarding the teaching of sciences at the intermediate level, especially with regard to physics teaching. Our goal here is to construct an educational material followed by an educational product in which those relationships are clearly apparent. The educational product was a Blog focused on History and Philosophy of Science for Teaching Physics. To this end, we will adopt in this work elements that comprise: (1) physics, history and philosophy of science; (2) the theory of learning centered on meaningful learning; (3) in the tool that consists in the transposition of an erudite knowledge to a knowledge taught and learned (didactic transposition); (4) in the field work itself, based on the answers to the questionnaires in relation to which they were submitted to interpretation. As theoretical references adopted to explore the connections between causal relations, symmetry relations, and conservation laws, we will incorporate: (1) the conceptions of cause in seminal authors such as Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC), Descartes (1596-1650), Leibniz (1646-1716) and d'Alembert (1717-1783); (2) the historical conceptions that became the embryos of the idea of energy conservation in antiquity Heron (10-80) and Parmenides (530 BC - 460 BC), Stevin's conceptions (1548-1620) , Galileo (1564-1642); The conceptions after the establishment of the law of energy conservation in the nineteenth century, as the extraordinary result of the twentieth century constituted by Emmy Noether's theorem (1882-1935) which establishes the intimate relations between laws of symmetry and laws of conservation. The questionnaires that were analyzed and which gave subsidies for our results came from an application made in the period from October to November of 2016 for students who attended the 1st high school series at the Alberto Torres State School, located in the neighborhood of Bebedouro in the municipality of Maceió. As a more relevant result of our research on the application of closed questionnaires and open discussions in the classroom, and in view of the purpose of constructing a didactic material connecting causality, principles of symmetry and conservation laws, we have chosen the following: Their respective cognitive structures base concepts that allow the understanding of these longed connections.